Electricity Consumption, Roads and Their Infrastructure; Strategies to Increase Per Capita Income and Reduce Poverty in East Nusa Tenggara
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24269/ekuilibrium.v20i1.2025.pp97-112Abstract
Low electricity consumption, restricted road length, and insufficient road infrastructure are believed to contribute to low per capita income and high poverty rates in East Nusa Tenggara. To substantiate this hypothesis, a study was undertaken in that province and the population are 21 districts and one city. This study analyzed data from 2019 to 2023 and utilized the Panel Data Regression analysis method. The findings of this study indicate that electricity consumption significantly impacts the increase in per capita income. Conversely, to alleviate poverty, the variable of road length exerts a significant influence. However, road infrastructure variables have shown no effect on boosting per capita income or reducing poverty. Formulation of strategies to diminish poverty while augmenting per capita income was conducted through the Analytical Network Process (ANP) analysis tool, involving nine stakeholders and decision-makers within the region. ANP is a supportive tool in decision-making processes that has many criterias and sub criterias. The agreed-upon strategy focuses on three primary priorities: enhancing community electricity consumption, extending road lengths, and enhancing road infrastructure.
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References
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Hill, H. (2021). What’s happened to poverty and inequality in indonesia over half a century? Asian Development Review, 38(1), 68–97. https://doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00158
Hossin, K., & AlShehhi, H. (2024). Energy Consumption Behavior Analysis in the UAE Educational Buildings for Sustainable Economy: A Case Study of Ras Al Khaimah Schools. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 14(2 SE-Articles), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.15360
Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139839327
Kheybari, S., Rezaie, F. M., & Farazmand, H. (2020). Analytic network process: An overview of applications. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 367, 124780. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2019.124780
Kurnia, H., Masbar, R., Sirojuzilam, & Zulham. (2022). Effect of regional planning on social welfare in the Islands and mainland of Aceh Province. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 32(3), 356–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2021.1900013
Kusumawardani, D., & Agusti, K. S. (2024). The The Effect of Energy Security on Economic Growth in ASEAN During 2000–2020. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 14(2 SE-Articles), 447–459. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.15463
Lefebvre, V. (2023). Human resources slack and profitability: SMEs, large firms, and the role of business group affiliation. Eurasian Business Review, 13(3), 611–637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-023-00240-9
Lestari, D., Hasid, Z., Busari, A., & Ananda, A. A. (2022). Multiplier Effect of Energy Infrastructure on GRDP: Horizon in 3 Production Areas in East Kalimantan–Indonesia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 12(6 SE-Articles), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13632
Luu, H. N., Nguyen, N. M., Ho, H. H., & Tien, D. N. (2019). Infrastructure and economic development in developing economies: New empirical evidence from night-time satellite imagery in Vietnam. International Journal of Social Economics, 46(4), 581–594. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-05-2018-0252
Mahpudin, E. (2020). Poverty Reduction through Local Financial Performance: Case Study in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Ekuilibrium : Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi, 15, 151. https://doi.org/10.24269/ekuilibrium.v15i2.2647
Maulid, L. C., Bawono, I. R., & Sudibyo, Y. A. (2021). The Effect of Government Expenditure on Economic Growth in Indonesia. Ekuilibrium : Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi, 16(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.24269/ekuilibrium.v16i1.3172
Meilvidiri, W., Jafar, R., Asrudi, Syahruddin, Nahumury, M. A. I., & Akbar, M. (2020). The development of infrastructure and the level of poverty in the eastern part of Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 473(1), 12134. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/473/1/012134
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Ng, C. P., Law, T. H., Jakarni, F. M., & Kulanthayan, S. (2019). Road infrastructure development and economic growth. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 512(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/512/1/012045
Omar, M. A., & Inaba, K. (2020). Does financial inclusion reduce poverty and income inequality in developing countries? A panel data analysis. Journal of Economic Structures, 9(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-020-00214-4
Osman Gaal, H., Abdulle Afrah, N., of Hr, D., & Benadir, T. (2017). Lack of Infrastructure: The Impact on Economic Development as a case of Benadir region and Hir-shabelle, Somalia. Developing Country Studies, 7(1), 49–55.
Panzera, D., & Postiglione, P. (2022). The impact of regional inequality on economic growth: a spatial econometric approach. Regional Studies, 56(5), 687–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2021.1910228
Pulinggomang, Y., & J Fanggidae, A. H. (2019). Environtmental, Economic and Social Culture of Local Community Development Models in Manggarai Barat District. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 3(06), 23–37.
Rahim, D. A. (2023). Reviewing the Role of Investment in the West Kalimantan Border. Ekuilibrium : Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi, 18(1), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.24269/ekuilibrium.v18i1.2023.pp83-93
Rahma, H., Fauzi, A., Juanda, B., & Widjojanto, B. (2019). Development of a composite measure of regional sustainable development in Indonesia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(20), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205861
Safitri, Y. (2018). Assessment of Rural Road Network on Economic Development of Local Government Areas in Nigeria. International Journal of Organizational Business Excellence, 2(2), 71–82.
Salgotra, A., Kandari, P., & Bahuguna, U. (2021). Does Access to Finance Eradicate Poverty? A Case Study of Mudra Beneficiaries. Journal of Asian Finance Economics and Business, 8, 637–646. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no1.637
Shyu, C.-W. (2014). Ensuring access to electricity and minimum basic electricity needs as a goal for the post-MDG development agenda after 2015. Energy for Sustainable Development, 19, 29–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2013.11.005
Sianturi, R. S., Kusuma, S. H., Farikha, N., Zubaidah, A. F., Zakina, N., Astuti, S. C., & Amalia, F. (2023). Determining Regional Infrastructure Development Priorities in East Java Province. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1186(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1186/1/012021
Song, Y., Shahzad, U., & Paramati, S. R. (2023). Impact of energy infrastructure investments on renewable electricity generation in major Asian developing economies. Australian Economic Papers, 62(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8454.12282
Tackie, D. N. (2021). An examination of poverty: Dimensions, causes, and solutions. Journal of Rural Social Sciences, 36(2), 1–25.
Taherdoost, H., & Madanchian, M. (2023). Analytic Network Process (ANP) Method: A Comprehensive Review of Applications, Advantages, and Limitations. Journal of Data Science and Intelligent Systems, 1. https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewJDSIS3202885
Taruno, H. T. (2019). Public Spending and Poverty Reduction in Indonesia: The Effects of Economic Growth and Public Spending on Poverty Reduction in Indonesia 2009-2018. The Indonesian Journal of Planning and Development; Vol 4, No 2 (2019): October 2019DO - 10.14710/Alj.V%vi%i.79-87 .
Tiwari, A. K., Eapen, L. M., & Nair, S. R. (2021). Electricity consumption and economic growth at the state and sectoral level in India: Evidence using heterogeneous panel data methods. Energy Economics, 94, 105064. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.105064
Wang, D., Xu, L., & Du, J. (2023). The direct and indirect spatial spillover effects of infrastructure on urban green and smart development. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11(July), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1197048
Yani, A., Restiatun, R., & Suradi, R. (2022). Poverty Rates and The Factors Influencing Poverty Alleviation: A Case Study in The Province of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ekuilibrium : Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi, 17(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.24269/ekuilibrium.v17i1.4071
Adrangi, B., & Kerr, L. (2022). Sustainable Development Indicators and Their Relationship to GDP: Evidence from Emerging Economies. In Sustainability (Vol. 14, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020658
Anam, C., PlaÄek, M., Valentinov, V., & Del Campo, C. (2023). Village funds and poverty reduction in Indonesia: new policy insight. Discover Global Society, 1(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-023-00016-6
Anderson, E., d’Orey, M. A. J., Duvendack, M., & Esposito, L. (2018). Does Government Spending Affect Income Poverty? A Meta-regression Analysis. World Development, 103, 60–71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.10.006
Aneja, R., & Mathpal, M. (2021). Economic Growth and Electricity Consumption in India: An Econometric Analysis. The Indian Economic Journal, 70(1), 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/00194662211062428
Arif, I. (2023). Institutions and industry-level employment creation: an empirical analysis of the US metro-level data. Journal of Institutional Economics, 19(6), 868–892. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/S1744137423000243
Asiedu, E., Azomahou, T. T., Gaekwad, N. B., & Ouédraogo, M. (2021). The determinants of electricity constraints by firms in developing countries. Energy Economics, 104, 105605. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105605
Bazán Navarro, C. E., Ãlvarez-Quiroz, V. J., Sampi, J., & Arana Sánchez, A. A. (2023). Does economic growth promote electric power consumption? Implications for electricity conservation, expansive, and security policies. The Electricity Journal, 36(1), 107235. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2023.107235
Brüderl, J., & Ludwig, V. (2014). Fixed-Effects Panel Regression (pp. 327–358).
Burke, P. J., Stern, D. I., & Bruns, S. B. (2018). The impact of electricity on economic development: A macroeconomic perspective. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 12(1), 85–127. https://doi.org/10.1561/101.00000101
Chen, D.-C., Chen, D.-F., Huang, S.-M., Huang, M.-J., Shyr, W.-J., & Chiou, C.-F. (2021). Critical Success Factors to Improve the Business Performance of Tea Drink Chains. Sustainability, 13, 8953. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168953
Chen, X., Nadalutti, E., & Kallscheuer, O. (2018). Region-making and cross-border cooperation: New evidence from four continents: Vol. null (null (ed.)).
Cohen Kaminitz, S. (2023). The significance of GDP: a new take on a century-old question. Journal of Economic Methodology, 30(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350178X.2023.2167228
Coscieme, L., Mortensen, L. F., Anderson, S., Ward, J., Donohue, I., & Sutton, P. C. (2020). Going beyond Gross Domestic Product as an indicator to bring coherence to the Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of Cleaner Production, 248, 119232. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119232
Curto, G., Kiritchenko, S., Nejadgholi, I., & Fraser, K. (2023). The crime of being poor.
Eka Puspitawati. (2021). Indonesian Industrialization and Industrial Policy: Peer Learning from China’s Experiences. Southâ€South Integration and the SDGs: Enhancing Structural Transformation in Key Partner Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative, April, 1–18.
Gonzalez-Urango, H., Mu, E., Ujwary-Gil, A., & Florek-Paszkowska, A. (2024). Analytic network process in economics, finance and management: Contingency factors, current trends and further research. Expert Systems with Applications, 237, 121415. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.121415
Hallin, M., Nisol, G., & Tavakoli, S. (2023). Factor models for high-dimensional functional time series I: Representation results. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 44(5–6), 578–600. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsa.12676
Hasid, Z., Mire, M. S., Rochaida, E., & Wijaya, A. (2023). Power Generation Infrastructure and its Effect on Electric Energy Consumption: Context in Indonesia, 2013–2020. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(1 SE-Articles), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13778
Hill, E. (Ned). (2023). What Is Economic Development? And What Is the Job of an Economic Development Professional? Economic Development Quarterly, 37(1), 34–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/08912424221147013
Hill, H. (2021). What’s happened to poverty and inequality in indonesia over half a century? Asian Development Review, 38(1), 68–97. https://doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00158
Hossin, K., & AlShehhi, H. (2024). Energy Consumption Behavior Analysis in the UAE Educational Buildings for Sustainable Economy: A Case Study of Ras Al Khaimah Schools. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 14(2 SE-Articles), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.15360
Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139839327
Kheybari, S., Rezaie, F. M., & Farazmand, H. (2020). Analytic network process: An overview of applications. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 367, 124780. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2019.124780
Kurnia, H., Masbar, R., Sirojuzilam, & Zulham. (2022). Effect of regional planning on social welfare in the Islands and mainland of Aceh Province. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 32(3), 356–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2021.1900013
Kusumawardani, D., & Agusti, K. S. (2024). The The Effect of Energy Security on Economic Growth in ASEAN During 2000–2020. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 14(2 SE-Articles), 447–459. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.15463
Lefebvre, V. (2023). Human resources slack and profitability: SMEs, large firms, and the role of business group affiliation. Eurasian Business Review, 13(3), 611–637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-023-00240-9
Lestari, D., Hasid, Z., Busari, A., & Ananda, A. A. (2022). Multiplier Effect of Energy Infrastructure on GRDP: Horizon in 3 Production Areas in East Kalimantan–Indonesia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 12(6 SE-Articles), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13632
Luu, H. N., Nguyen, N. M., Ho, H. H., & Tien, D. N. (2019). Infrastructure and economic development in developing economies: New empirical evidence from night-time satellite imagery in Vietnam. International Journal of Social Economics, 46(4), 581–594. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-05-2018-0252
Mahpudin, E. (2020). Poverty Reduction through Local Financial Performance: Case Study in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Ekuilibrium : Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi, 15, 151. https://doi.org/10.24269/ekuilibrium.v15i2.2647
Maulid, L. C., Bawono, I. R., & Sudibyo, Y. A. (2021). The Effect of Government Expenditure on Economic Growth in Indonesia. Ekuilibrium : Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi, 16(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.24269/ekuilibrium.v16i1.3172
Meilvidiri, W., Jafar, R., Asrudi, Syahruddin, Nahumury, M. A. I., & Akbar, M. (2020). The development of infrastructure and the level of poverty in the eastern part of Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 473(1), 12134. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/473/1/012134
Nalle, F. W., Pangastuti, M. D., Nalle, F. W., & Pangastuti, M. D. (2022). Volume . 18 Issue 4 ( 2022 ) Pages 786-796 INOVASI : Jurnal Ekonomi , Keuangan dan Manajemen ISSN : 0216-7786 ( Print ) 2528-1097 ( Online ) Poverty level analysis in East Nusa Tenggara Province. 18(4), 786–796.
Ng, C. P., Law, T. H., Jakarni, F. M., & Kulanthayan, S. (2019). Road infrastructure development and economic growth. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 512(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/512/1/012045
Omar, M. A., & Inaba, K. (2020). Does financial inclusion reduce poverty and income inequality in developing countries? A panel data analysis. Journal of Economic Structures, 9(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-020-00214-4
Osman Gaal, H., Abdulle Afrah, N., of Hr, D., & Benadir, T. (2017). Lack of Infrastructure: The Impact on Economic Development as a case of Benadir region and Hir-shabelle, Somalia. Developing Country Studies, 7(1), 49–55.
Panzera, D., & Postiglione, P. (2022). The impact of regional inequality on economic growth: a spatial econometric approach. Regional Studies, 56(5), 687–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2021.1910228
Pulinggomang, Y., & J Fanggidae, A. H. (2019). Environtmental, Economic and Social Culture of Local Community Development Models in Manggarai Barat District. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 3(06), 23–37.
Rahim, D. A. (2023). Reviewing the Role of Investment in the West Kalimantan Border. Ekuilibrium : Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi, 18(1), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.24269/ekuilibrium.v18i1.2023.pp83-93
Rahma, H., Fauzi, A., Juanda, B., & Widjojanto, B. (2019). Development of a composite measure of regional sustainable development in Indonesia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(20), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205861
Safitri, Y. (2018). Assessment of Rural Road Network on Economic Development of Local Government Areas in Nigeria. International Journal of Organizational Business Excellence, 2(2), 71–82.
Salgotra, A., Kandari, P., & Bahuguna, U. (2021). Does Access to Finance Eradicate Poverty? A Case Study of Mudra Beneficiaries. Journal of Asian Finance Economics and Business, 8, 637–646. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no1.637
Shyu, C.-W. (2014). Ensuring access to electricity and minimum basic electricity needs as a goal for the post-MDG development agenda after 2015. Energy for Sustainable Development, 19, 29–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2013.11.005
Sianturi, R. S., Kusuma, S. H., Farikha, N., Zubaidah, A. F., Zakina, N., Astuti, S. C., & Amalia, F. (2023). Determining Regional Infrastructure Development Priorities in East Java Province. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1186(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1186/1/012021
Song, Y., Shahzad, U., & Paramati, S. R. (2023). Impact of energy infrastructure investments on renewable electricity generation in major Asian developing economies. Australian Economic Papers, 62(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8454.12282
Tackie, D. N. (2021). An examination of poverty: Dimensions, causes, and solutions. Journal of Rural Social Sciences, 36(2), 1–25.
Taherdoost, H., & Madanchian, M. (2023). Analytic Network Process (ANP) Method: A Comprehensive Review of Applications, Advantages, and Limitations. Journal of Data Science and Intelligent Systems, 1. https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewJDSIS3202885
Taruno, H. T. (2019). Public Spending and Poverty Reduction in Indonesia: The Effects of Economic Growth and Public Spending on Poverty Reduction in Indonesia 2009-2018. The Indonesian Journal of Planning and Development; Vol 4, No 2 (2019): October 2019DO - 10.14710/Alj.V%vi%i.79-87 .
Tiwari, A. K., Eapen, L. M., & Nair, S. R. (2021). Electricity consumption and economic growth at the state and sectoral level in India: Evidence using heterogeneous panel data methods. Energy Economics, 94, 105064. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.105064
Wang, D., Xu, L., & Du, J. (2023). The direct and indirect spatial spillover effects of infrastructure on urban green and smart development. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11(July), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1197048
Yani, A., Restiatun, R., & Suradi, R. (2022). Poverty Rates and The Factors Influencing Poverty Alleviation: A Case Study in The Province of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ekuilibrium : Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi, 17(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.24269/ekuilibrium.v17i1.4071
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2025-03-12
How to Cite
Rahim, D. A., & Isniawati, A. (2025). Electricity Consumption, Roads and Their Infrastructure; Strategies to Increase Per Capita Income and Reduce Poverty in East Nusa Tenggara. Ekuilibrium : Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi, 20(1), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.24269/ekuilibrium.v20i1.2025.pp97-112
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- for your employer, if the article is a ‘work for hire’, made within the scope of your employment, your employer may use all or part of the information in the article for other intra-company use (e.g. training);
- retain patent and trademark rights and rights to any process, procedure, or article of manufacture described in the article;
- include the article in full or in part in a thesis or dissertation (provided that this is not to be published commercially);
- use the article or any part thereof in a printed compilation of your works, such as collected writings or lecture notes (subsequent to publication of the article in the journal); and prepare other derivative works, to extend the article into book-length form, or to otherwise re-use portions or excerpts in other works, with full acknowledgement of its original publication in the journal;
- may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the article, material extracted from the article, or derivative works for the author's personal use or for company use, provided that the source and the copyright notice are indicated, the copies are not used in any way that implies RCEPM-LIPI endorsement of a product or service of any employer, and the copies themselves are not offered for sale.
All copies, print or electronic, or other use of the paper or article must include the appropriate bibliographic citation for the article's publication in the journal.
2. Requests from third parties
Although authors are permitted to re-use all or portions of the article in other works, this does not include granting third-party requests for reprinting, republishing, or other types of re-use. Requests for all uses not included above, including the authorization of third parties to reproduce or otherwise use all or part of the article.
3. Author Online Use
- Personal Servers. Authors and/or their employers shall have the right to post the accepted version of articles pre-print version of the article, or revised personal version of the final text of the article (to reflect changes made in the peer review and editing process) on their own personal servers or the servers of their institutions or employers without permission from Universitas Muhamamdiyah Ponorogo, provided that the posted version includes a prominently displayed Universitas Muhamamdiyah Ponorogo copyright notice and, when published, a full citation to the original publication, including a link to the article abstract in the journal homepage. Authors shall not post the final, published versions of their papers;
- Classroom or Internal Training Use. An author is expressly permitted to post any portion of the accepted version of his/her own articles on the author's personal web site or the servers of the author's institution or company in connection with the author's teaching, training, or work responsibilities, provided that the appropriate copyright, credit, and reuse notices appear prominently with the posted material. Examples of permitted uses are lecture materials, course packs, e-reserves, conference presentations, or in-house training courses;
- Electronic Preprints. Before submitting an article to an Ekuilibrium: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi, authors frequently post their manuscripts to their own web site, their employer's site, or to another server that invites constructive comment from colleagues. Upon submission of an article to Ekuilibrium: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi, an author is required to transfer copyright in the article to Economy Faculty Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo, and the author must update any previously posted version of the article with a prominently displayed Economy Faculty Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo copyright notice. Upon publication of an article by the Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo, the author must replace any previously posted electronic versions of the article with either (1) the full citation to the work with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) or link to the article abstract in Ekuilibrium: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi journal homepage, or (2) the accepted version only (not the final, published version), including the Economy Faculty Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo copyright notice and full citation, with a link to the final, published article in journal homepage.
4. Articles in Press (AiP) service
Economy Faculty Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo may choose to publish an abstract or portions of the paper before we publish it in the journal. Please contact our Production department immediately if you do not want us to make any such prior publication for any reason, including disclosure of a patentable invention.
5. Author/Employer Rights
If you are employed and prepared the article on a subject within the scope of your employment, the copyright in the article belongs to your employer as a work-for-hire. In that case, Economy Faculty Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo assumes that when you sign this Form, you are authorized to do so by your employer and that your employer has consented to the transfer of copyright, to the representation and warranty of publication rights, and to all other terms and conditions of this Form. If such authorization and consent has not been given to you, an authorized representative of your employer should sign this Form as the Author.
6. RCEPM-LIPI Copyright Ownership
It is the formal policy of Economy Faculty Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo to own the copyrights to all copyrightable material in its technical publications and to the individual contributions contained therein, in order to protect the interests of the Economy Faculty Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo, its authors and their employers, and, at the same time, to facilitate the appropriate re-use of this material by others. Economy Faculty Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo distributes its technical publications throughout the world and does so by various means such as hard copy, microfiche, microfilm, and electronic media. It also abstracts and may translate its publications, and articles contained therein, for inclusion in various compendiums, collective works, databases and similar publication.
7. Licensing Terms
Ekuilibrium is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at https://journal.umpo.ac.id/
