STRESS LEVELS AND INCIDENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN PRODUCTIVE AGE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN BANJARNEGARA 2 PUBLIC HEALTH CENTRE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24269/ijhs.v8i1.7112Abstract
Hypertension is a world public health problem with a high prevalence of cases, especially in productive age. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in comorbid cases, including hypertension, due to a lack of physical activity and psychological illnesses. One of the risk factors for hypertension is stress. This study aimed to determine the relationship between stress and the incidence of hypertension in the Banjarnegara 2 Health Center during the pandemic. This study used a cross-sectional design. As many as 65 participants were involved in this study that were selected using purposive sampling. A set of pre-tested questionnaires was adopted from DASS-42 to collect information from the respondents. Analysis was done using the Spearman rank correlation test. Most productive-age respondents during the pandemic at Puskesmas Banjarnegara 2 had moderate stress levels (41.5%), followed by normal high hypertension (38.5%). Spearman rank correlation test showed a significant relationship between stress levels and the incidence of hypertension in productive age during the pandemic in the region  Puskesmas Banjarnegara 2 with a p-value of  0.000 (p<0.05). This result showed a positive and robust correlation of 0.743, meaning that stress levels were associated with the incidence of hypertension in productive age during the pandemic.
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References
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[2] Kemenkes, “Tekanan Darah Tinggi (Hipertensi),†2016. https://p2ptm.kemkes.go.id/dokumen-ptm/tekanan-darah-tinggi-hipertensi
[3] WHO, “Hypertension,†2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension
[4] K. T. Mills, A. Stefanescu, and J. He, “The global epidemiology of hypertension,†Nat Rev Nephrol, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 223–237, 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41581-019-0244-2.
[5] T. Suryati and S. Suyitno, “Prevalence and Risk Factors of the Ischemic Heart Diseases in Indonesia: a Data Analysis of Indonesia Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2013,†Public Health of Indonesia, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 138–144, 2020, doi: 10.36685/phi.v6i4.366.
[6] Indonesia Ministry of Health, Indonesian Oral Health Survey Implementation - National Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) 2018. Jakarta, 2018. doi: 10.32793/monograph.v1i1.605.
[7] P. Oktamianti, D. Kusuma, V. Amir, D. H. Tjandrarini, and A. Paramita, “District-Level Inequalities in Hypertension among Adults in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Analysis by Sex and Age Group,†Int J Environ Res Public Health, vol. 19, no. 20, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013268.
[8] Banjarnegara Health Office, Profil Kesehatan Banjarnegara Tahun 2 0 2 1, vol. 15, no. 2. 2021. [Online]. Available: https://dinkesbna.banjarnegarakab.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Profil-Banjarnegara-Tahun-2021-1.pdf
[9] T. M. Spruill et al., “Association Between High Perceived Stress Over Time and Incident Hypertension in Black Adults: Findings From the Jackson Heart Study,†J Am Heart Assoc, vol. 8, no. 21, 2019, doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.012139.
[10] B. Satici, E. Gocet-Tekin, M. E. Deniz, and S. A. Satici, “Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its Association with Psychological Distress and Life Satisfaction in Turkey,†Int J Ment Health Addict, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1980–1988, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0.
[11] U. Rehman et al., “Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Indians in Times of Covid-19 Lockdown,†Community Ment Health J, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 42–48, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10597-020-00664-x.
[12] B. Satici, E. Gocet-Tekin, M. E. Deniz, and S. A. Satici, “Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its Association with Psychological Distress and Life Satisfaction in Turkey,†Int J Ment Health Addict, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1980–1988, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0.
[13] J. Torales, M. O’Higgins, J. M. Castaldelli-Maia, and A. Ventriglio, “The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health,†International Journal of Social Psychiatry, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 317–320, 2020, doi: 10.1177/0020764020915212.
[14] A. Parchani et al., “Fear, anxiety, stress, and depression of novel coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic among patients and their healthcare workers – a descriptive study,†Psychol Res Behav Manag, vol. 14, pp. 1737–1746, 2021, doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S324233.
[15] WHO, “Hypertension,†Website, 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension (accessed Apr. 26, 2023).
[16] S. Bagcchi, “Stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic,†Lancet Infect Dis, vol. 20, no. 7, p. 782, 2020, doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30498-9.
[17] A. S. Abdelhafiz and M. Alorabi, “Social stigma: the hidden threat of COVID-19,†Front Public Health, vol. 8, no. August, pp. 2–5, 2020, doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00429.
[18] D. Bhanot, T. Singh, S. K. Verma, and S. Sharad, “Stigma and discrimination during COVID-19 pandemic,†Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 8. Frontiers Media S.A., Jan. 12, 2021. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.577018.
[19] M. Faris and M. R. Arifianto, “Social stigma toward health workers associated with coronavirus disease 2019,†Open Access Maced J Med Sci, vol. 8, no. T1, pp. 112–114, 2020, doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2020.4917.
[20] S. Sulistyawati, R. Rokhmayanti, B. Aji, S. P. M. Wijayanti, T. W. Sukesi, and S. A. Mulasari, “‘They looked at me like I am a virus’: how survivors cope with COVID-19 stigma during the early stage of pandemic,†Int J Publ Health Sci, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 277–285, 2023, doi: 10.11591/ijphs.v12i1.21954.
[21] D. Husnaniyah and E. Melita, “Correlation of Stress Level with Hypertension in The Public Health Center Indramayu Regency,†Journal of Islamic Nursing, vol. 7, no. September, pp. 67–71, 2022.
[22] Y. Y. Pratama, “Factors Associated With Hypertension Among Postmenopausal Women in Parangtritis Coastal Area in Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia,†Epidemiology and Society Health Review (ESHR), vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 10–16, 2021, doi: 10.26555/eshr.v3i2.3801.
[23] Q. F. Rooiqoh, D. G. Tamtomo, and R. Cilmiaty, “Blood Sugar Levels and Lipid Profiles of T2Dm Among Hypertension Patients in Bambanglipuro Health Centre,†Epidemiology and Society Health Review (ESHR), vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 29–35, 2022, doi: 10.26555/eshr.v4i1.4728.
[24] K. Tanna and K. Subhash, “Correlation between Perceived Stress and Blood Pressure among Adults,†Internasional Journal of Recent Innovations in Medicine and Clinical Research, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 42–47, 2021, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.5579099.
[25] T. M. Spruill et al., “Association Between High Perceived Stress Over Time and Incident Hypertension in Black Adults: Findings From the Jackson Heart Study,†J Am Heart Assoc, vol. 8, no. 21, 2019, doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.012139.
[26] M. Celik et al., “Anxiety disorder associated with the covid-19 pandemic causes deterioration of blood pressure control in primary hypertensive patients,†Medeni Med J, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 83–90, 2021, doi: 10.5222/MMJ.2021.08364.
[27] B. Hu, X. Liu, S. Yin, H. Fan, F. Feng, and J. Yuan, “Effects of psychological stress on hypertension in middle-aged Chinese: A cross-sectional study,†PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1–13, 2015, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129163.
[28] T. Spruill, “Chronic Psychological Stress and Hypertension,†Curr Hypertens Rep, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 10–16, 2013, doi: 10.1007/s11906-009-0084-8.Chronic.
[29] A. Bieńkowska, A. Koszela, A. Sałamacha, and K. Tworek, “COVID-19 oriented HRM strategies influence on job and organizational performance through job-related attitudes,†PLoS One, vol. 17, no. 4 April, pp. 1–29, 2022, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266364.
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