Pseudocyesis as A Biopsychosocial Phenomenon in Midwifery Practice: A Systematic Review of Etiology and Management

Abstract

Pseudocyesis is a rare psychosomatic phenomenon where women experience physical signs of pregnancy without a fetus, often triggered by infertility pressure, pronatalist culture, and loss trauma. This study aims to analyze the psychosomatic etiology, socio-cultural influences, and comprehensive obstetric management strategies. Using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method guided by PRISMA 2020, literature searches were conducted on five electronic databases within the range of 2015–2014, resulting in 15 inclusion articles from a total of 187 findingsUsing a systematic literature review approach guided by PRISMA 2020, a systematic search was conducted across four electronic databasesScopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2015 and 2024. Of 187 records initially identified, 15 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final synthesis. The findings indicate that pseudocyesis is based on neuroendocrine dysregulation due to stress that suppresses dopamine and increases prolactin, triggering symptoms such as amenorrhea and galactorrhea. Psychologically, this condition acts as a defense mechanism against grief and the stigma of infertility, reinforced by cultural factors that demand proof of a woman's social status. In conclusion, obstetric management requires a holistic approach. Proof thru Ultrasonography (USG) must always be accompanied by psychological support (psychotherapy) and pharmacotherapy to prevent further mental trauma. Midwives play a crucial role in early detection and proper collaboration for psychiatric referrals.