RISK FACTORS FOR BREAST CANCER INCIDENCE IN THE MALANG CITY HOSPITAL AREA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24269/ijhs.v9i2.11651Abstract
The world is facing a health problem where there is an epidemiological shift, namely the emergence of infectious diseases into non-infectious diseases. One of the non-infectious diseases that is a global health burden is cancer. The exact cause of breast cancer is still unknown. However, many factors are thought to influence the high incidence of breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors for breast cancer in Hospitals in the Malang City Area. Quantitative descriptive research with a secondary data analysis strategy was conducted on all patients diagnosed with breast cancer in 4 major hospitals in Malang City in January - December 2023, with a total of 1464 data using the total sampling technique. The data was processed using descriptive statistical methods. The results showed that the majority of women diagnosed with breast cancer were over 50 years old (58.1%), and married (86.95%). A total of 67.96% of respondents were multiparous mothers, 31.69% used 3-month hormonal contraceptive injections, and some had a medical history of hypertension (7.31%). This study shows the importance of early detection of breast cancer at all ages and equitable access to health facilities that provide cancer care services.
References
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29. Stordal B. Breastfeeding reduces the risk of breast cancer: A call for action in high-income countries with low rates of breastfeeding. Cancer Med. 2023;12(4):4616–25.
30. Machado RB. Hormonal Contraceptives and Risk of Breast Cancer: How to Explain it without Controversy. Rev Bras Ginecol e Obstet. 2018;40(2):57–8.
31. Mørch LS, Skovlund CW, Hannaford PC, Iversen L, Fielding S, Lidegaard Ø. Contemporary Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(23):2228–39.
32. Torres-de la Roche LA, Acevedo-Mesa A, Lizarazo IL, Devassy R, Becker S, Krentel H, et al. Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Breast Cancer in Women of Reproductive Age: A Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(23).
33. Cirulli GO, Larcher A, Montorsi F, Martini A. Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity and Cancer Risk. In: Men’s Health and Wellbeing. Springer; 2022. p. 95–119.
34. Dong S, Wang Z, Shen K, Chen X. Metabolic Syndrome and Breast Cancer: Prevalence, Treatment Response, and Prognosis. Front Oncol. 2021;11(March):1–21.
35. Piconâ€Ruiz M, Morataâ€Tarifa C, Valleâ€Goffin JJ, Friedman ER, Slingerland JM. Obesity and adverse breast cancer risk and outcome: Mechanistic insights and strategies for intervention. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(5):378–97.
36. Dehesh T, Fadaghi S, Seyedi M, Abolhadi E, Ilaghi M, Shams P, et al. The relation between obesity and breast cancer risk in women by considering menstruation status and geographical variations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Womens Health. 2023;23(1):1–12.
37. Jiralerspong S, Goodwin PJ. Obesity and breast cancer prognosis: Evidence, challenges, and opportunities. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(35):4203–16.
38. Agurs-Collins T, Ross SA, Dunn BK. The Many Faces of Obesity and Its Influence on Breast Cancer Risk. Front Oncol. 2019;9(September):1–14.
39. Brown KA. Metabolic pathways in obesity-related breast cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021;17(6):350–63.
40. Gershuni VM, Ahima RS, Tchou J. Obesity and Breast Cancer: A Complex Relationship. Curr Surg Rep. 2016;4(14).
41. Xiong F, Wang J, Nierenberg JL, Van Blarigan EL, Kenfield SA, Chan JM, et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of breast cancer: a large-scale, prospective, population-based study. Br J Cancer. 2023;129(4):648–55.
42. Eketunde AO. Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer. Cureus. 2020;12(5):10–3.
43. Giovannucci E, Harlan DM, Archer MC, Bergenstal RM, Gapstur SM, Habel LA, et al. Diabetes and cancer: A consensus report. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(7):1674–85.
44. Shahid RK, Ahmed S, Le D, Yadav S. Diabetes and cancer: Risk, challenges, management and outcomes. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(22):1–21.
45. Lega IC, Austin PC, Fischer HD, Fung K, Krzyzanowska MK, Amir E, et al. The impact of diabetes on breast cancer treatments and outcomes: A population-based study. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(4):755–61.
46. Fan Y, Khan NH, Khan MFA, Ahammad MF, Zulfiqar T, Virk R, et al. Association of Hypertension and Breast Cancer: Antihypertensive Drugs as an Effective Adjunctive in Breast Cancer Therapy. Cancer Manag Res. 2022;14(April):1323–9.
47. Han H, Guo W, Shi W, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Ye X, et al. Hypertension and breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2017;7:1–9.
48. Yang G, Sau C, Lai W, Cichon J, Li W. BRAC1 and BRAC2 mutation and treatment strategies for breast cancer. HHS Pulic Access. 2015;344(6188):1173–8.
2. Wahyuni AS. Gambaran Faktor Resiko Kanker Payudara Pada Penderita Kanker Payudara Di Bukittinggi. ’AFIYAH. 2023;10(1):40–6.
3. Ningsih ANS, Purnamasari R, Khalid N, Arsal ASF, Fattah N, Aman A, et al. Faktor Resiko Kejadian Kanker Payudara Pada Pasien Ca Mammae di RS. Ibnu Sina Makassar pada Tahun 2018. Fakumi Med J J Mhs Kedokt. 2021;1(3):179–85.
4. Gatto NM. Environmental carcinogens and cancer risk. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(4):1–2.
5. Zou S, Lin Y, Yu X, Eriksson M, Lin M, Fu F, et al. Genetic and lifestyle factors for breast cancer risk assessment in Southeast China. Cancer Med. 2023;12(14):15504–14.
6. Åukasiewicz S, Czeczelewski M, Forma A, Baj J, Sitarz R, Stanislawek A. Breast Cancer—Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Prognostic Markers, and Current Treatment Strategies— An Updated Review. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:4287.
7. Councell KA, Polcari AM, Nordgren R, Skolarus TA, Benjamin AJ, Shubeck SP. Social vulnerability is associated with advanced breast cancer presentation and all-cause mortality : a retrospective cohort study. 2024;
8. LeBlanc G, Lee I, Carretta H, Luo Y, Sinha D, Rust G. Rural-Urban Differences in Breast Cancer Stage at Diagnosis. Women’s Heal Reports. 2022;3(1):207–14.
9. Sprague BL, Ahern TP, Herschorn SD, Sowden M, Weaver DL, Wood ME. Identifying key barriers to effective breast cancer control in rural settings. Prev Med (Baltim). 2021;152(Pt 2):1–16.
10. Benz CC. Impact of aging on the biology of breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2008;66(1):65–74.
11. Sun YS, Zhao Z, Yang ZN, Xu F, Lu HJ, Zhu ZY, et al. Risk factors and preventions of breast cancer. Int J Biol Sci. 2017;13(11):1387–97.
12. Pataky MW, Young WF, Nair KS. Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications Mark. Mayo Clin Proc. 2021;96(3):788–814.
13. Fabian CJ. The what, why and how of aromatase inhibitors: Hormonal agents for treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(12):2051–63.
14. Al-Shami K, Awadi S, Khamees A, Alsheikh AM, Al-Sharif S, Ala’ Bereshy R, et al. Estrogens and the risk of breast cancer: A narrative review of literature. Heliyon. 2023;9(9):e20224.
15. Hua H, Zhang H, Kong Q, Jiang Y. Mechanisms for estrogen receptor expression in human cancer. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2018;7(1):1–11.
16. McGuire A, Brown JAL, Malone C, McLaughlin R, Kerin MJ. Effects of age on the detection and management of breast cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2015;7(2):908–29.
17. Li M, Han M, Chen Z, Tang Y, Ma J, Zhang Z, et al. Does marital status correlate with the female breast cancer risk? A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One. 2020;15(3):1–17.
18. Yuan R, Zhang C, Li Q, Ji M, He N. The impact of marital status on stage at diagnosis and survival of female patients with breast and gynecologic cancers: A meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol. 2021;162(3):778–87.
19. Osazuwa-Peters N, Christopher KM, Cass LM, Massa ST, Hussaini AS, Behera A, et al. What’s Love Got to do with it? Marital status and survival of head and neck cancer. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2019;28(4):1–9.
20. Jolidon V. Gender inequality and mammography screening: Does living with a partner improve women’s mammography uptake? Soc Sci Med. 2022;298(January):114875.
21. Tavakoli B, Feizi A, Zamani-Alavijeh F, Shahnazi H. Factors influencing breast cancer screening practices among women worldwide: a systematic review of observational and qualitative studies. BMC Womens Health. 2024;24(1):1–16.
22. Hinyard L, Wirth LS, Clancy JM, Schwartz T. The effect of marital status on breast cancer-related outcomes in women under 65: A SEER database analysis. Breast. 2017;32:13–7.
23. MartÃnez ME, Unkart JT, Tao L, Kroenke CH, Schwab R, Komenaka I, et al. Prognostic significance of marital status in breast cancer survival: A population-based study. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):1–14.
24. Zhu S, Lei C. Association between marital status and all-cause mortality of patients with metastatic breast cancer: a population-based study. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):1–12.
25. Gouin JP, Dymarski M. Couples-based health behavior change interventions: A relationship science perspective on the unique opportunities and challenges to improve dyadic health. Compr Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2024;19(March):100250.
26. Sun X, Nichols HB, Tse CK, Bell MB, Robinson WR, Sherman ME, et al. Association of parity and time since last birth with breast cancer prognosis by intrinsic subtype. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2016;25(1):60–7.
27. Fortner RT, Sisti J, Chai B, Collins LC, Rosner B, Hankinson SE, et al. Parity, breastfeeding, and breast cancer risk by hormone receptor status and molecular phenotype: Results from the Nurses’ Health Studies. Breast Cancer Res. 2019;21(1):1–9.
28. Chowdhury R, Sinha B, Sankar MJ, Taneja S, Bhandari N, Rollins N, et al. Breastfeeding and maternal health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. 2015;104:96–113.
29. Stordal B. Breastfeeding reduces the risk of breast cancer: A call for action in high-income countries with low rates of breastfeeding. Cancer Med. 2023;12(4):4616–25.
30. Machado RB. Hormonal Contraceptives and Risk of Breast Cancer: How to Explain it without Controversy. Rev Bras Ginecol e Obstet. 2018;40(2):57–8.
31. Mørch LS, Skovlund CW, Hannaford PC, Iversen L, Fielding S, Lidegaard Ø. Contemporary Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(23):2228–39.
32. Torres-de la Roche LA, Acevedo-Mesa A, Lizarazo IL, Devassy R, Becker S, Krentel H, et al. Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Breast Cancer in Women of Reproductive Age: A Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(23).
33. Cirulli GO, Larcher A, Montorsi F, Martini A. Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity and Cancer Risk. In: Men’s Health and Wellbeing. Springer; 2022. p. 95–119.
34. Dong S, Wang Z, Shen K, Chen X. Metabolic Syndrome and Breast Cancer: Prevalence, Treatment Response, and Prognosis. Front Oncol. 2021;11(March):1–21.
35. Piconâ€Ruiz M, Morataâ€Tarifa C, Valleâ€Goffin JJ, Friedman ER, Slingerland JM. Obesity and adverse breast cancer risk and outcome: Mechanistic insights and strategies for intervention. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(5):378–97.
36. Dehesh T, Fadaghi S, Seyedi M, Abolhadi E, Ilaghi M, Shams P, et al. The relation between obesity and breast cancer risk in women by considering menstruation status and geographical variations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Womens Health. 2023;23(1):1–12.
37. Jiralerspong S, Goodwin PJ. Obesity and breast cancer prognosis: Evidence, challenges, and opportunities. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(35):4203–16.
38. Agurs-Collins T, Ross SA, Dunn BK. The Many Faces of Obesity and Its Influence on Breast Cancer Risk. Front Oncol. 2019;9(September):1–14.
39. Brown KA. Metabolic pathways in obesity-related breast cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021;17(6):350–63.
40. Gershuni VM, Ahima RS, Tchou J. Obesity and Breast Cancer: A Complex Relationship. Curr Surg Rep. 2016;4(14).
41. Xiong F, Wang J, Nierenberg JL, Van Blarigan EL, Kenfield SA, Chan JM, et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of breast cancer: a large-scale, prospective, population-based study. Br J Cancer. 2023;129(4):648–55.
42. Eketunde AO. Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer. Cureus. 2020;12(5):10–3.
43. Giovannucci E, Harlan DM, Archer MC, Bergenstal RM, Gapstur SM, Habel LA, et al. Diabetes and cancer: A consensus report. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(7):1674–85.
44. Shahid RK, Ahmed S, Le D, Yadav S. Diabetes and cancer: Risk, challenges, management and outcomes. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(22):1–21.
45. Lega IC, Austin PC, Fischer HD, Fung K, Krzyzanowska MK, Amir E, et al. The impact of diabetes on breast cancer treatments and outcomes: A population-based study. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(4):755–61.
46. Fan Y, Khan NH, Khan MFA, Ahammad MF, Zulfiqar T, Virk R, et al. Association of Hypertension and Breast Cancer: Antihypertensive Drugs as an Effective Adjunctive in Breast Cancer Therapy. Cancer Manag Res. 2022;14(April):1323–9.
47. Han H, Guo W, Shi W, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Ye X, et al. Hypertension and breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2017;7:1–9.
48. Yang G, Sau C, Lai W, Cichon J, Li W. BRAC1 and BRAC2 mutation and treatment strategies for breast cancer. HHS Pulic Access. 2015;344(6188):1173–8.
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