Examining the Forms of Central Government’s Dominance over Local Governments in Liberia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24269/ars.v12i1.7774Abstract
In recent years, the government of Liberia and its stakeholders have developed several policies towards decentralization that have led to significant developments. However, challenges still remain, especially the dominance of the central government, political greed, etc. This study aims to identify the forms of central government’s dominance over local governments in Liberia and its impacts on local governance. This research applied a qualitative method with primary data obtained through interviews with relevant informants and secondary data obtained through analysis of previous studies, mass media, and policies regarding decentralization in Liberia, and analyzed using an interactive model in addition to the NVivo 12 Plus software. The findings reveal that the central government exerts dominance in three forms, including visible, hidden, and invisible forms. Visible forms include explicit regulations predominantly financial control and local officials' appointment, which allowed the central government to dictate local governance. Hidden forms mainly include intimidation and political party influence, which are not publicly acknowledged, allowing the central government to maintain its dominance and often devaluing local agendas. Invisible forms mainly include institutional capture and policy development, shaping the mindsets of local officials and citizens as well as viewing this dominance as natural, thus leading to a culture of silence. Hence, the research emphasizes the need for further reforms to ensure a balanced distribution of power and the independence of local governments to serve communities effectively and make decisions aligned with local needs.
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References
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Baldwin, K., & Winters, M. S. (2018). AIDDATA Bypass Aid and Perceptions of Local Government Performance and Legitimacy Author Information Acknowledgments.
Bamba Jr, M. M. (2022). Liberia: County Service Centers in Liberia-Challenges and Prospects. http://frontpageafricaonline.com/
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Charles, N. (2023). Liberia: The Liberian Media Is Under Perils. https://fr.allafrica.com/
Chen, J., Fei, Y., Lee, P. T. W., & Tao, X. (2019). Overseas port investment policy for China’s central and local governments in the belt and road initiative. Journal of Contemporary China, 28(116), 196–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1511392
Chygryn, O., Petrushenko, Y., Vysochyna, A., & Vorontsova, A. (2018). Assessment of fiscal decentralization influence on social and economic development. Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 14(4), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.14254/1800-5845/2018.14-4.5
Clarke, R. T. (2019). Decentralization Policy and Citizen Participation in Government: The Case of Liberia. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations
Clayeh, W. J. H. (2022). Liberia_ CDC Clarifies - “Only Appointed Officials of Got Are to Report to Party Headquarters Daily.â€
Dodoo, L. (2018). Liberia: Vice President Threatens Dismissal for Non-Partisans of Ruling Coalition-FrontPageAfrica https://frontpageafricaonline.com/politics/liberia-vice-president-threatens-dismissal-for-non-partisans-of-ruling-coalition/ Home Front Slider Liberia: Vice President Threatens Dismissal for Non-Partisans of Ruling Coalition Liberia: Vice President Threatens Dismissal for Non-Partisans of Ruling Coalition. https://frontpageafricaonline.com/politics/liberia-vice-president-threatens-dismissal-for-non-partisans-of-ruling-coalition/
Dodoo, L. (2020). Good Governance: Is Election of a County Superintendent in Liberia, a Necessity? https://africanorbit.com/2019/10/05/the-missing-link-of-liberias-african-tradition-
Gaventa, J. (2019). 3.2 Applying Power Analysis: Using The “Powercube†To Explore Forms, Levels And Spaces. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/suss/detail.action?docID=5963845.
Gaventa, J. (2021). Linking the prepositions: using power analysis to inform strategies for social action. Journal of Political Power, 14(1), 109–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2021.1878409
Gaventa, J., & Pettit, J. (2011a). A response to “Powercube: Understanding power for social change.†Journal of Political Power, 4(2), 2158–3803. https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2011.589182
Gaventa, J., & Pettit, J. (2011b). Power Pack Understanding Power for Social Change. www.powercube.net/analyse-power/levels-of-power/
Gbartea, R. D. N. (2020). Decentralization: Prospect for Sustainable Development in Liberia. www.talkafrique.com/
Genoway, E. G., & Admin. (2018). Liberia: Ruling Party Chairman Threatens to Fight Non-Partisans. https://frontpageafricaonline.com/politics/liberia-ruling-party-chairman-threatens-to-fight-non-partisans/
Giahyue, J. H. (2022). EPA Somersaults Over Cape Mount River Pollution.
Hong, S., & Lee, S. (2018). Adaptive governance and decentralization: Evidence from regulation of the sharing economy in multi-level governance. Government Information Quarterly, 35(2), 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.08.002
Huyler, D., & McGill, C. M. (2019). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, by John Creswell and J. David Creswell. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development, 31(3), 75–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/nha3.20258
Johnson, O. (2022). Liberia: Lawmakers Involved In “Last-Minute†Dishing of Huge Sums to Constituents Ahead of 2023 Elections. https://frontpageafricaonline.com/
Karmo, H. (2023). Liberia: Margibi Lawmaker Prevented From Questioning Health Minister Leaked Audio Exposing Corruption among County’s Health Team.
Koinyeneh, G. C. (2020). Liberia: One Nimba Movement Condemns Government’s Decision to Slash County Social Development Fund, Calls for Comprehensive Audit. https://frontpageafricaonline.com/county-news/liberia-one-nimba-movement-condemns-governments-decision-to-slash-county-social-development-fun
Koinyeneh, G. C. (2022). Liberia: “Poor Education Accounts for Highest Loss of Human Capital in Liberia†- World Bank Report.
Koinyeneh, G. C. (2023). Liberia: Pro-Weah Officials, Lawmakers In Nimba Accused of Coercing the County’s Local Authorities to Support President Weah’s Re-election Bid. https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-pro-weah-officials-lawmakers-in-nimba-accused-of-coercing-the-countys-local-authorities-to-support-pre
Konton, J. (2022). 15 Superintendents & Traditional Leaders Promise To Repay President Weah In 2023 For Historic Donations To Them.
Krawczyk, K., & Muhula, R. (2018). Engaging decentralization in an uncertain political context: Lessons from Liberia. Development Policy Review, 36(3), 369–386. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12256
Kumburu, N. P., & Pande, V. S. (2018). Decentralization and local governance in Tanzania: Theories and practice on sustainable development. In Handbook of Research on Sustainable Development and Governance Strategies for Economic Growth in Africa (pp. 131–148). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3247-7.ch007
Leory III, S. M. (2021). Liberia: House Amends PFM Law to Push Decentralization.
Lomax, S. (2019a). Liberia: Bong County Superintendent Threatens Staff with Dismissal Should They Join Monday’s Protest. https://frontpageafricaonline.com/front-slider/liberia-bong-county-superintendent-threatens-staff-with-dismissal-should-they-join-mondays-protest/
Lomax, S. (2019b). Liberia: Bong Legislative Caucus Quarrel over US$50k Disbursed to District 3. https://frontpageafricaonline.com/county-news/liberia-bong-legislative-caucus-quarrel-over-us50k-disbursed-to-district-3/
Lomax, S. (2021). Liberia: US$1.8M County Social Development Fund Projects in Bong in Limbo. https://frontpageafricaonline.com/county-news/liberia-us1-8m-county-social-development-fund-projects-in-bong-in-limbo/
Lomax, S. (2022). Liberia: Three Civil Society Organizations in Bong to Uncover Huge Financial Irregularities from Development Funds. https://frontpageafricaonline.com/county-news/liberia-three-civil-society-organizations-in-bong-to-uncover-huge-financial-irregularities-from-developme
Lomax, S. (2023). Liberia: Anger Still Fresh in Kokoyah, Bong County As Citizens Recount 2018 Police Raid.
Lomax, S., & Reporter. (2017). Abandoned Gbarnga Streets Pavement Draws Ire in Bong County. https://frontpageafricaonline.com/county-news/abandoned-gbarnga-streets-pavement-draws-ire-in-bong-county/
Luttrell, C., Bird, K., Byrne, S., Carter, J., & Chakravarti, D. (2007). The Power Cube Explained. http://www.intercooperation.ch/offers/
Mafelah Emmanuel. (2020). Confusion blows in Bong County over Superintendent Compound renovation; As Darkness & Grass takes over.
Marie, S. (2021). Access to healthcare: shortage of healthcare facilities and workers.
Mbabazize, M., Abeera, O., Katuramu, T., & Kumar, R. B. (2022). Local Governance And Rural Development In Maryland County, Liberia. In American International Journal of Business Management (AIJBM) (Vol. 5).
Menjor, D. S. (2021). Liberia: ‘More Laws, Weak Oversight,’ Says NAYMOTE in Damning Report on Legislature.
Menkor, I. F. (2021). Liberia: Nimba Public Health Centers in Crisis.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis A Methods Sourcebook Edition.
Mpuya Madaha, R. (2016). A study of Local Government in Africa through Participatory Action Research (PAR). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1775-3178https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-rasel-madaha-4966316/Officialwebsite:http://www.coa.sua.ac.tz/aaee/index.php/93-staffs/209-mr-rasel-mpuya-madaha
Niranjan, A. (2018). Liberia: Hostile environment for journalists. https://www.dw.com/en/liberia-hostile-environment-puts-journalists-at-risk/a-43424237
NPDLG. (2011). National Policy on Decentralization and Local Governance .
Ntekim Ekpe, A., Ekpe, M. A., & Daniel, E. E. (2013). A Comparative Analysis Of Evolution And Structure Of Local Government Systems In Nigeria And Liberia. Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), I. www.scirj.org
Nyei, A. I. (2014). Constitutional reform and the prospects for government decentralization in Liberia.
Nyei, I. A. B. (2014). Decentralizing the state in Liberia: The issues, progress and challenges. Stability, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.eg
Podah, I. P. (2019). Decentralization for delivering better health services in Liberia: lesson from the Philippines.
Qu, Y., & Khantanapha, N. (2017). ALOHA POWER CUBE. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7460798
Quato, B. (2015). Improving the County Development Fund to Serve Liberians.
Reddy, P. S. (2018). Evolving local government in post conflict South Africa: Where to? Local Economy, 33(7), 710–725. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094218809079
Reporter. (2015). Liberia: Dukuly Explains Superintendents’ Role. https://fr.allafrica.com/
Reporter. (2018). CDC Lawmaker “Dismisses†Local Officials in Bong County CDC Lawmaker “Dismisses†Local Officials in Bong County. https://frontpageafricaonline.com/politics/cdc-lawmaker-dismisses-local-officials-in-bong-county/
Reporter. (2021a). Liberia: Partners Call for Adequate Budgetary Allocations. https://fr.allafrica.com/
Reporter. (2021b). Liberia_ House Places Moratorium On Bong County’s Account.
Reporter. (2021c). Ministry of Commerce and Industry, UNDP Conducts Capacity Building to Enhance Delivery of Business Support for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises at County Service Centers - Liberia.
Reporter. (2022). Liberian journalists physically attacked and legally challenged. Reporters Without Borders. https://ifex.org/liberian-journalists-physically-attacked-and-legally-challenged/
Reporter. (2023). Liberia: NEC Must Put Foot Down on Pre-election Campaigns, Violations, Unhealthy for Bourgeoning Democracy. https://frontpageafricaonline.com/
Seminara, L. (2021). Ending Monrovia’s Hegemony_ The Need to Decentralize Liberia.
Senkpeni, A. D. (2018). Liberia: Ruling CDC “Exploiting†Vetting Process For Civil Service Jobs. https://frontpageafricaonline.com/politics/liberia-ruling-cdc-exploiting-vetting-process-for-civil-service-jobs/
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