Examining the Role of ICT in Addressing Potential Issues in Indonesian Absentee Voting in Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24269/ars.v12i3.11575Abstract This paper investigates the challenges and potential solutions for absentee voting among Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia during the 2024 General Election. Key issues include administrative inefficiencies, outdated voter lists, legal ambiguities, and vulnerabilities in postal voting, exacerbated by geographic and socio-economic barriers, particularly for rural and undocumented workers. Using qualitative content analysis with NVivo, the study explores how Information and Communication Technology (ICT), such as digital voter registration and blockchain voting, can enhance transparency, data accuracy, and election security. The research is novel in its focus on ICT solutions tailored to the unique challenges faced by Indonesian migrants in Malaysia, a topic that has been largely overlooked. It underscores the importance of coordinated efforts among government agencies, NGOs, and technology providers for effective implementation. While ICT offers promising opportunities for reform, challenges related to infrastructure, digital literacy, and voter trust remain significant. The study provides practical recommendations for improving absentee voting, with broader implications for countries with large expatriate populations, emphasizing the need for multi-stakeholder collaboration to ensure inclusivity and electoral integrity. Future recommendations should focus on addressing these challenges and maximizing the potential of ICT. Comprehensive policy reforms are needed to clarify legal ambiguities and streamline administrative processes, making voter registration and voting mechanisms more accessible and efficient. Governments should invest in robust digital infrastructure and implement digital literacy programs to empower migrant workers, especially those in rural areas or with undocumented status. Advanced technologies like blockchain should be further explored to enhance transparency, security, and data accuracy in absentee voting systems. Collaboration among government agencies, NGOs, and technology providers is essential for successful implementation. Future research should also examine the long-term impact of ICT-based voting systems on voter trust and participation, as well as conduct comparative studies with other countries facing similar challenges.
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References
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Dressel, B. (2024). Courts and Politics in Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108770088
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Ikram, K., & Nassar, H. (2022). The Egyptian Economy in the Twenty-first Century: The Hard Road to Inclusive Prosperity. The American University in Cairo Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2vm3b3k
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Lafleur, J.-M. (2015). The enfranchisement of citizens abroad: variations and explanations. Democratization, 22(5). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2014.979163
Lafleur, J.-M., & Mescoli, E. (2018). Creating undocumented EU migrants through welfare: A conceptualization of undeserving and precarious citizenship. Sociology, 52(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038518764615
Lovato, K., Lopez, C., Karimli, L., & Abrams, L. S. (2018). The impact of deportation-related family separations on the well-being of Latinx children and youth: A review of the literature. Children and Youth Services Review, 95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.10.011
Lubis, M., Kartiwi, M., & Zulhuda, S. (2016). Election fraud and privacy related issues: addressing electoral integrity. 2016 International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7905720
Martin, M. E. (2014). The Political Power of Diaspora as External Actors in Armed Civil Conflict: Ethnonationalist Conflict-Generated Diaspora Use of social media in Transnational Political Engagement in Homeland Conflict: The Case of Rwanda [University of Bradford]. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Political-Power-of-Diaspora-as-External-Actors-Martin/cccae698ac7136272bc52e69d92cc6b1e8f52a74
Meredith, M., & Endter, Z. (2016). Aging into absentee voting: Evidence from texas. Working Paper. https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~marcmere/workingpapers/AgingIntoAbsentee.pdf
Messing, J. T., Becerra, D., Ward-Lasher, A., & Androff, D. K. (2015). Latinas’ perceptions of law enforcement: Fear of deportation, crime reporting, and trust in the system. Affilia, 30(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109915576520
Migrant Care. (2023). Statement on the overseas permanent voters list and sectoral cooperation. Migrain Care.
Novia, H., & Djelantik, S. (2024). Indonesia Diplomacy in Protecting the Rights of Indonesian Migrant Domestic Workers in Malaysia (2017-2022). Insignia Journal of International Relations, 11(1). https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/insignia/article/download/10087/5255/
Ostwald, K., & Oliver, S. (2019). Four arenas: Malaysia’s 2018 election, reform, and democratization. Democratization. Democratization, 27(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2020.1713757
Pitzer, V. E., Chitwood, M., Havumaki, J., Menzies, N. A., Perniciaro, S., Warren, J. L., Weinberger, D. M., & Cohen, T. (2021). The Impact of Changes in Diagnostic Testing Practices on Estimates of COVID-19 Transmission in the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology, 190(9). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwab089
Purnamasari, S. (2024). Electoral fraud in absentee voting: A review of the Kuala Lumpur Overseas Election Committee. Election Integrity Press.
Raganata, G. (2019). Challenges and Innovation of Indonesia Overseas Election in Tokyo. Jurnal Politik, 5(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7454/jp.v5i1.1021
Rahman, M. M., & Huq, H. (2023). Implications of ICT for the livelihoods of women farmers: a study in the teesta river basin, Bangladesh. Sustainabillity, 15(19). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914432
Rodan, G. (2018). Participation without democracy: Containing conflict in Southeast Asia. Cornell University Press. https://scholar.archive.org/work/khqq56nctrg5leyrbizmcknwb4/access/wayback/https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/v3/PCD/article/download/1034/480
Sani, A., Wiliani, N., & Husain, T. (2019). Spreadsheet Usability Testing in Nielsen’s Model among Users of ITSMEs to Improve Company Performance. European Journal Of Scientific Exploration, 2(6). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Asrul-Sani/publication/341177525_Spreadsheet_Usability_Testing_in_Nielsen’s_Model_among_Users_of_IT_SMEs_to_Improve_Company_Performance/links/5eb24af045851592d6bd5948/Spreadsheet-Usability-Testing-in-Nielsens-Model-among-Users-of-IT-SMEs-to-Improve-Company-Performance.pdf
Sharma, S. K., Al-Badi, A. H., Govindaluri, S. M., & Al-Kharusi, M. H. (2016). Predicting motivators of cloud computing adoption: A developing country perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.073
Stride, G. (2022). Electoral Administrators’ Perceptions of Electoral Integrity in England [University of Exete]. https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/133139/StrideG.pdf?sequence=1
Sunarso, S., Suyato, S., Kuncorowati, P. W., Manik, T. S., & Ali Masykur Fathurrahman. (2022). Elections as a means of citizens political education: a comparative study between Indonesia and Malaysia. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 41(1). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/cp.v41i1.44305
Suphanchaimat, R., Kantamaturapoj, K., Putthasri, W., & Prakongsai, P. (2015). Challenges in the provision of healthcare services for migrants: a systematic review through providers’ lens. BMC Health Services Research, 15(390). https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-015-1065-z
Tambe, E. B. (2021). Electoral Participation in Newly Consolidated Democracies Turnout in Africa, Latin America, East Asia, and Post-Communist Europe. ROUTLEDGE. https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9781003031482&type=googlepdf
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Williams, O. (2020). The Interface of Information Security, Risk, and Privacy on the Humanitarian Frontline. American University. https://books.google.co.id/books/about/The_Interface_of_Information_Security_Ri.html?id=5EJqzwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Wu, A. Y. C. (2021). Migration, family and networks: Timorese seasonal workers’ social support in Australia. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 62(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12308
Wydra, S. (2015). Challenges for technology diffusion policy to achieve socio-economic goals. Technology in Society, 41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2014.12.002
Ali, M. F. M., & Yusoff, M. A. (2022). Malaysian Electoral System Reform and the Challenges of its Implementation After the 14th General Election. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 7(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i1.1258
Aspinall, E., & Mietzner, M. (2019). Southeast Asia’s troubling elections: Nondemocratic pluralism in Indonesia. Journal Democracy, 30(4). https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/nondemocratic-pluralism-in-indonesia/
Benabdallah, A., Madhoun, A. A., Coudert, L., Madhoun, N. El, & Badra, M. (2022). Analysis of blockchain solutions for E-voting: a systematic literature review. IEEE Access, 10. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9812616
Boardman, C. J. (2019). Voter Privacy: A Transatlantic Comparison of Electoral Systems [Georgetown University]. https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/1054910
Boehm, D. A. (2016). Returned: Going and coming in an age of deportation (1st ed.). University of California Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1bd6k3g
Bustami, R., Suyatno, & Wekke, I. S. (2016). Migrants In Nusantara: Indonesian And Malaysian Perspectives. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol1iss2pp63-74
Caramani, D., & Grotz, F. (2015). Beyond citizenship and residence? Exploring the extension of voting rights in the age of globalization. In Voting Rights in the Era of Globalization, 22(5). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2014.981668
Danezis, G., Domingo-Ferrer, J., Hansen, M., Hoepman, J.-H., Metayer, D. Le, Tirtea, R., & Schiffner, S. (2015). Privacy and data protection by design-from policy to engineering. Arxiv. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2824/38623
Delacourt, S. (2013). Shopping for votes: How politicians choose us and we choose them. Madeira Park, BC : Douglas & McIntyre. https://archive.org/details/shoppingforvotes0000dela/page/n6/mode/1up
Dettman, S. (2023). Challenges of ethnic party adaptation in power-sharing systems: Evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affair, 43(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/18681034231219460
Djumadin, Z. (2023). Strategy for Socialization of New Political Parties Ahead of the 2024 General Election (Case Study of the Gelora Party). Jurnal Info Sains: Informatika Dan Sains, 13(3). https://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/InfoSains/article/view/3320
Dressel, B. (2024). Courts and Politics in Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108770088
Erlingsson, H. (2019). External Voting in Developing Countries: Strategic Bargaining and the Role of Remittances. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/18608632
Farooq, S., Ikram, N., & Nassar, S. (2024). ICT-based solutions for rural disenfranchisement in voting processes. Technology and Governance Studies Press.
Faruk, M. J. H., Alam, F., Islam, M., & Rahman, A. (2024). Transforming online voting: a novel system utilizing blockchain and biometric verification for enhanced security, privacy, and transparency. Cluster Computing, 27. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10586-023-04261-x
FREEDMAN, A., & TIBURZI, R. (2012). Progress and Caution: Indonesia’s Democracy. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 39(3). https://www.jstor.org/stable/23526552
FRYE, T., REUTER, O. J., & SZAKONYI, D. (2014). Political Machines At Work: Voter Mobilization and Electoral Subversion in the Workplace. World Politics, 66(2). https://www.jstor.org/stable/24577011
General Election Commission. (2023). Revised permanent voter list for Malaysian voters. General Election Comission.
Giotis, C., & Hall, C. (2023). Better Foreign Correspondence Starts at Home: Changing Practice Through Diasporic Knowledge. Journalisme Practice, 17(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1930105
Goodman, N., Hayes, H. A., McGregor, R. M., Pruysers, S., & Spicer, Z. (2024). Voting Online: Technology and Democracy in Municipal Elections. McGill-Queen’s University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.17102072
Ikram, K., & Nassar, H. (2022). The Egyptian Economy in the Twenty-first Century: The Hard Road to Inclusive Prosperity. The American University in Cairo Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2vm3b3k
Indonesian Migrant Workers Protection Agency. (2023). Data on Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia. Indonesian Migrant Workers Protection Agency.
Jaca, G. B., & Torneo, A. R. (2021). Explaining (non) participation in overseas voting: the case of overseas Filipino voters in Japan in the 2016 elections. Diaspora Studies, 14(1). https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/brill/explaining-non-participation-in-overseas-voting-the-case-of-overseas-FS4cccCqpE
Kozyreva, A., Lewandowsky, S., & Hertwig, R. (2020). Citizens versus the internet: Confronting digital challenges with cognitive tools. Phychological Science in the Public Interest, 21(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100620946707
Lafleur, J.-M. (2015). The enfranchisement of citizens abroad: variations and explanations. Democratization, 22(5). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2014.979163
Lafleur, J.-M., & Mescoli, E. (2018). Creating undocumented EU migrants through welfare: A conceptualization of undeserving and precarious citizenship. Sociology, 52(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038518764615
Lovato, K., Lopez, C., Karimli, L., & Abrams, L. S. (2018). The impact of deportation-related family separations on the well-being of Latinx children and youth: A review of the literature. Children and Youth Services Review, 95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.10.011
Lubis, M., Kartiwi, M., & Zulhuda, S. (2016). Election fraud and privacy related issues: addressing electoral integrity. 2016 International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7905720
Martin, M. E. (2014). The Political Power of Diaspora as External Actors in Armed Civil Conflict: Ethnonationalist Conflict-Generated Diaspora Use of social media in Transnational Political Engagement in Homeland Conflict: The Case of Rwanda [University of Bradford]. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Political-Power-of-Diaspora-as-External-Actors-Martin/cccae698ac7136272bc52e69d92cc6b1e8f52a74
Meredith, M., & Endter, Z. (2016). Aging into absentee voting: Evidence from texas. Working Paper. https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~marcmere/workingpapers/AgingIntoAbsentee.pdf
Messing, J. T., Becerra, D., Ward-Lasher, A., & Androff, D. K. (2015). Latinas’ perceptions of law enforcement: Fear of deportation, crime reporting, and trust in the system. Affilia, 30(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109915576520
Migrant Care. (2023). Statement on the overseas permanent voters list and sectoral cooperation. Migrain Care.
Novia, H., & Djelantik, S. (2024). Indonesia Diplomacy in Protecting the Rights of Indonesian Migrant Domestic Workers in Malaysia (2017-2022). Insignia Journal of International Relations, 11(1). https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/insignia/article/download/10087/5255/
Ostwald, K., & Oliver, S. (2019). Four arenas: Malaysia’s 2018 election, reform, and democratization. Democratization. Democratization, 27(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2020.1713757
Pitzer, V. E., Chitwood, M., Havumaki, J., Menzies, N. A., Perniciaro, S., Warren, J. L., Weinberger, D. M., & Cohen, T. (2021). The Impact of Changes in Diagnostic Testing Practices on Estimates of COVID-19 Transmission in the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology, 190(9). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwab089
Purnamasari, S. (2024). Electoral fraud in absentee voting: A review of the Kuala Lumpur Overseas Election Committee. Election Integrity Press.
Raganata, G. (2019). Challenges and Innovation of Indonesia Overseas Election in Tokyo. Jurnal Politik, 5(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7454/jp.v5i1.1021
Rahman, M. M., & Huq, H. (2023). Implications of ICT for the livelihoods of women farmers: a study in the teesta river basin, Bangladesh. Sustainabillity, 15(19). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914432
Rodan, G. (2018). Participation without democracy: Containing conflict in Southeast Asia. Cornell University Press. https://scholar.archive.org/work/khqq56nctrg5leyrbizmcknwb4/access/wayback/https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/v3/PCD/article/download/1034/480
Sani, A., Wiliani, N., & Husain, T. (2019). Spreadsheet Usability Testing in Nielsen’s Model among Users of ITSMEs to Improve Company Performance. European Journal Of Scientific Exploration, 2(6). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Asrul-Sani/publication/341177525_Spreadsheet_Usability_Testing_in_Nielsen’s_Model_among_Users_of_IT_SMEs_to_Improve_Company_Performance/links/5eb24af045851592d6bd5948/Spreadsheet-Usability-Testing-in-Nielsens-Model-among-Users-of-IT-SMEs-to-Improve-Company-Performance.pdf
Sharma, S. K., Al-Badi, A. H., Govindaluri, S. M., & Al-Kharusi, M. H. (2016). Predicting motivators of cloud computing adoption: A developing country perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.073
Stride, G. (2022). Electoral Administrators’ Perceptions of Electoral Integrity in England [University of Exete]. https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/133139/StrideG.pdf?sequence=1
Sunarso, S., Suyato, S., Kuncorowati, P. W., Manik, T. S., & Ali Masykur Fathurrahman. (2022). Elections as a means of citizens political education: a comparative study between Indonesia and Malaysia. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 41(1). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/cp.v41i1.44305
Suphanchaimat, R., Kantamaturapoj, K., Putthasri, W., & Prakongsai, P. (2015). Challenges in the provision of healthcare services for migrants: a systematic review through providers’ lens. BMC Health Services Research, 15(390). https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-015-1065-z
Tambe, E. B. (2021). Electoral Participation in Newly Consolidated Democracies Turnout in Africa, Latin America, East Asia, and Post-Communist Europe. ROUTLEDGE. https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9781003031482&type=googlepdf
Wartoyo, F. X., & Tungga, B. (2019). The Consept And Its Implementation Of Indonesian Legislative Elections Based On The Pancasila Democracy Perspective. YUSTISIA, 8(1). https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/yustisia/article/view/13226
Williams, O. (2020). The Interface of Information Security, Risk, and Privacy on the Humanitarian Frontline. American University. https://books.google.co.id/books/about/The_Interface_of_Information_Security_Ri.html?id=5EJqzwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Wu, A. Y. C. (2021). Migration, family and networks: Timorese seasonal workers’ social support in Australia. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 62(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12308
Wydra, S. (2015). Challenges for technology diffusion policy to achieve socio-economic goals. Technology in Society, 41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2014.12.002
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- Penulis diperbolehkan dan didorong untuk mengirimkan pekerjaan mereka secara daring (misal melalui respositories atau website instansi penulis) sebelum atau selama proses pengiriman pada Jurnal ARISTO berlangsung, ini dapat menjadikan pertukaran informasi yang sangat produktif, dan serta menjadikan kutipan yang banyak dari publikasi;
- Setiap naskah yang diterima wajib menyertakan Perjanjian Pemindahan Hakcipta (Copyright Transfer Agreement/CTA), sebelum artikel diterbitkan. CTA dapat diunduh di sini
